Title Case Formatter Calculator
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Reviewed for accuracy by Daniel Agrici, Founder & Lead Developer
Title Case Formatter Calculator
Calculator
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Formula: Capitalize first/last word + major words; lowercase articles, conjunctions, short prepositions
Worked example — How to Build a Successful Startup in the Digital Age
Formula
Capitalize first/last word + major words; lowercase articles, conjunctions, short prepositions
Title case capitalization follows style guide rules: always capitalize the first and last words, capitalize all major words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), and keep articles, coordinating conjunctions, and short prepositions lowercase. The exact rules vary by style guide (AP, Chicago, APA, MLA).
Worked Examples
Example 1: Blog Post Title (AP Style)
Problem:Convert 'how to build a successful startup in the digital age' to AP-style title case.
Solution:Apply AP rules: - Capitalize first word: 'How' - 'to' is a preposition (2 letters) → lowercase - 'Build' → capitalize (verb) - 'a' → lowercase (article) - 'Successful' → capitalize (adjective) - 'Startup' → capitalize (noun) - 'in' → lowercase (preposition) - 'the' → lowercase (article) - 'Digital' → capitalize (adjective) - 'Age' → capitalize (last word + noun)
Result:How to Build a Successful Startup in the Digital Age
Example 2: Programming Variable Names
Problem:Convert 'user account settings page' to camelCase, PascalCase, snake_case, and kebab-case.
Solution:camelCase: join words, capitalize all except first → userAccountSettingsPage PascalCase: join words, capitalize all → UserAccountSettingsPage snake_case: join with underscores, all lower → user_account_settings_page kebab-case: join with hyphens, all lower → user-account-settings-page
Result:camelCase: userAccountSettingsPage | snake_case: user_account_settings_page
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the rules for AP style title case?
AP (Associated Press) style title case follows specific rules for capitalizing titles and headlines. Capitalize the first and last word regardless of part of speech. Capitalize all major words including nouns, verbs (even short ones like 'Is' and 'Be'), adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns. Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so), or short prepositions (at, by, in, of, on, to, up) unless they are the first or last word. Capitalize prepositions of four or more letters (such as 'With,' 'From,' 'Into'). Hyphenated words in titles should have both parts capitalized unless the second part is a small word.
What is the difference between title case and sentence case?
Title case capitalizes the first letter of most or all words in a heading, following specific style guide rules about which small words remain lowercase. Sentence case capitalizes only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns, just like a regular sentence. For example: Title Case: 'The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over the Lazy Dog' versus Sentence Case: 'The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.' Sentence case is increasingly popular in modern web design and user interfaces because it feels more natural and less formal. APA style now recommends sentence case for reference list titles. Title case remains standard for book titles, newspaper headlines, and formal document headings.
How does Chicago Manual of Style title case differ from AP style?
While Chicago and AP styles share many similarities, they have key differences in title capitalization. Chicago style capitalizes prepositions of five or more letters, while AP uses four letters as the threshold. Chicago capitalizes the second part of a hyphenated compound if it is a noun, adjective, or other major word, while AP generally capitalizes both parts. Chicago keeps 'to' lowercase when it is part of an infinitive (to Run becomes 'to Run' in some interpretations). Chicago also has specific rules about capitalizing articles after colons in titles. Both styles agree on capitalizing the first and last words and keeping articles and short conjunctions lowercase.
When should I use different text cases in content writing?
Different text cases serve different purposes in content writing. Title Case is appropriate for book titles, article headlines, headings in formal documents, and product names. Sentence case works well for subheadings, UI labels, email subject lines, and social media posts due to its conversational tone. UPPERCASE should be used sparingly: for acronyms, legal warnings, or very short emphasis text (overuse feels like shouting). lowercase is occasionally used for branding purposes (e.g., some company names) but should be avoided in formal writing. camelCase and PascalCase are primarily for programming variable and function names. snake_case and kebab-case are used in programming and URL slugs respectively.
How do you handle special cases in title capitalization?
Special cases in title capitalization include several tricky scenarios. Hyphenated compounds: capitalize the first element and subsequent elements unless they are articles, prepositions, or coordinating conjunctions (e.g., 'Self-Paced Learning' but 'State-of-the-Art'). Words after colons: capitalize the first word after a colon in a title. Acronyms and initialisms: keep them in their standard form (HTML, NASA). Words with internal capitals: maintain the original capitalization (iPhone, eBay). Species names: italicize and follow scientific convention. Prepositions used as adverbs or adjectives should be capitalized ('Turn Up the Volume' where 'Up' modifies the verb). Articles beginning proper nouns are capitalized ('The Hague').
References
Reviewed for accuracy by Daniel Agrici, Founder & Lead Developer · Editorial policy
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